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因?yàn)檠潘甲魑闹卦谡撌觯撌鲋卦谶壿嫞壿嫷谋憩F(xiàn)就是邏輯連接詞。靈活而不重樣地使用這些詞匯，既代表著語(yǔ)法的游刃有余，也代表著邏輯的清晰明了。

PART 1 邏輯連接詞

###1.1 讓步###

01. Although（更書面）= though(更口語(yǔ)) =even if (即使，更偏假設(shè)性)=even though（雖然，更偏事實(shí)性）+句子

注：不能與but連用。

Devoted thoughwe are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shake off the judgmental strand of justice.用倒裝

02. No matter how/what/who等= 疑問句+ever

No matter who/Whoeveryou are, you must keep the law.

注意：疑問句+ever 可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

Whoever（≠ no matter who）comes will be welcome.

03. …, as long as…

You can do what you want, as long asyou like.

04. 名詞/表語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞+ as（though）倒裝，。。。，表“縱使”

Object as/thoughyou may, I’ll go。

Smallasatoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。

Lover of townsas I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.

05. Whether…or…正反兩方面，。。。表“不論。。。與否”

Whether you believe it or not, it's true.

You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free orbusy.

06. Be原型+主語(yǔ)+表語(yǔ)（n, adj）= whether+主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)（n, adj）。不論。一文學(xué)性強(qiáng)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表讓步。

Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one another.

07.Despite+n/ving =in spite of盡管. （不能加句子）

Despite the fact that + 句子（太累贅）

Despite myself, … 情不自禁地…

Her words were so satirical（諷刺的）that I lost my temperin spite ofmyself。

08. Notwithstanding +sth 盡管

But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to the following challenge.

09. Albeit 雖然即使

You are to be given one method of communication with your rival, albeit indirect communication.

###1.2 原因###

Since

As

Because

For+句子

As a result of sth. =As a consequence of sth由于sth, sth是原因。

Because of

Owing to sth 介詞

Thanks to...后面原因一般是積極性的

By virtue of sth

On account of

Be due to

Owe to sth 動(dòng)詞

Account for=result in 表示導(dǎo)致

Systematic economic forces account for the disastrous loses.

Attribute…to…把。。。歸因于。。。

He attributed the opposition to a deep-seated attitude in military.

Sth would explain why …

For this reason，...

For one reason or another, 由于某種原因（不具體指明）

His travel articles are always, for one reason or another, fascinating.

For one thing, 在眾多原因中指出其中一個(gè)

A lot of people don’t take the time to read contracts. For one thing, they’re often in very tiny print.

On this/thataccount，由于這個(gè)、那個(gè)原因

She was divorced, and on that account alone my mother disliked her.

The reason why+結(jié)果/ that+原因

Greed is the reason why they do not deserve the money.

###1.3 結(jié)果###

Accordingly=Consequently

原因+Result in+結(jié)果

This outcome will result in children starting bullying younger ones.

Thus

Hence

So

Therefore

Excessive greed is therefore a vice that a good society should discourage if it can.

As such

As a result 最終，因此，結(jié)果

As a consequence/In consequence,...

###1.4 目的###

So

So that

Should law be neutral towards competing conceptions of virtue, so that people can be free to choose for themselves the best way to live?

In order that

Regular checks are required in order that safety standards are maintained.

To do sth,…

To answer it, we have to explore the meaning of justice.

In order to do sth

In order to determine who deserves what, we have to determine what virtues are worthy of honor and reward.

For the sake of sth=For sth’s sake為了sth的目的

I hope you’re not doing this just for the sake of the money.

For clarity’s sake, I’d like to reword my statement.

###1.5 轉(zhuǎn)折###

However,

Yet 輕微轉(zhuǎn)折

And yet we worry when judgments about virtue finds their way into laws.

Whereas

Conversely

Nevertheless

Otherwise, 否則

On the contrary

Instead,表示對(duì)上述方式的完全反轉(zhuǎn)

Instead, a just society respects each people’s freedom to choose his or her own conception of the

good life.

Contrarily

Inversely

Contrariwise

Oppositely,

Instead of sth

As opposed to表示與前述對(duì)象的反轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)比

The cost of these planes is £3 million, as opposed to the £2 million charged by their competitors.

While 引導(dǎo)從句，表明前后情況不同，做個(gè)對(duì)比

Rather than. 并不是、而不、并沒有, 前后對(duì)等

Be honest rather than clever.誠(chéng)實(shí)勝于機(jī)巧。

This policy might lead them to stay in harm’s way rather than flee to safety.

Rather than press for maximum advantages, people look out for one another.

###1.6對(duì)比###

While 既可以對(duì)比相反的東西，也可以對(duì)比稍有不同的

Ancient theories start with virtue while modern theories start with freedom.

On the other hand,

By/In comparison/contrast 對(duì)比之下

Their lives were exciting and glamorous; ours seemed dull by comparison.

The virtue argument, by contrast, rests on the judgment that greed is a vice that state should

discourage.

Alternatively,提供另一種思路或方法建議

In/By comparison with sth介詞

This essay will briefly review the cons and pros of imprisonment in comparison with job training.

By comparison with the lively teenagers, the adults were a joyless lot.

Compared with/to

###1.7 類比###

Just as/like

Similarly,

Likewise,

Identically,

Equivalently,

As …as

They have sacrificed as surely, and as honorably, as those who have lost a limb.

The same as

Tourists find this park just the same as the one they visited previously.

In the same way/manner

###1.8 遞進(jìn)###

Further

Furthermore

Besides,

Moreover

In addition to sth,

In addition to outlining the causes of this problem, this essay will also propose solutions.

In addition,

What’s more

Apart from B…其有兩個(gè)意思，既可以：除了B（包括B），也表示：除了B（不包括B）

Additionally,

###1.9 舉例###

The likes of 就像

Such as

Like

Their purchases of necessities like safe lodging are forced.

Including, 包括

e.g. 直接加sth,中間沒有逗號(hào)

…is a case in point. 正在點(diǎn)兒上，指例子可以很好地闡述這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

Here is a case where…指出例子

Here is a case where the economy as a whole seemed to outweigh considerations of fairness.

Take ... as an example以。。。為例

In some instances. 在某些情況中

For instances,

For example,

###1.10 假設(shè)###

If

If its price is higher, manufacturers will find it worth their while to produce more goods.

Given/provided/providing+名詞/that 從句， 考慮到、假如

You can go out to play provided that you finish your homework first.

It’s a lot easier to get good marks on a short-answer question, providing you do it well.

Only if,唯有，唯一的條件是

The rebels say they are ready to stop fighting, but only if the prisoners are released.

On condition that，以。。。為前提，只有

###1.11 解釋，轉(zhuǎn)述###

In other words,

Prosperity matters, in other words, because it contributes to our welfare.

That is, that is to say,

i.e.

Namely

Some groups, namely students and pensioners, will benefit from the new tax.

Mean that

###1.12 并列###

And

A as well as B,強(qiáng)調(diào)as前得名詞或者形容詞A, 不僅B，而且A

We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly,seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side of things. 強(qiáng)調(diào)要看到reverse即反面

no less A than B，同上強(qiáng)調(diào)前面A，不僅B，而且A

not only A, but also B, 不同上，強(qiáng)調(diào)后面B，不僅A，而且B

He is a statesman as well as a scholar=He is no less a statesman than a scholar=He is not only a scholar but also a statesman.

and...A...as well. 則強(qiáng)調(diào)A

###1.13 說明觀點(diǎn)###

###認(rèn)為/支持/反對(duì)

###認(rèn)為：

Argue that.有“爭(zhēng)論到”之意，用于對(duì)陳述相反觀點(diǎn)

Some economists argued that the law was misconceived.

Believe that

Some believed that the exchange of goods should be governed by a just price.

Acknowledge that.

承認(rèn)，一般表示某人承認(rèn)，之后會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)折

I have to acknowledge that it has the advantage of high efficiency.

Maintain that

Defenders of this law maintain that, under certain conditions, the free market is not truly free.

Hold that

Many people hold that government should be neutral on matters of virtue and vice.

Insist that

Those who insist that only bleeding wounds should be count believe that …

Claim that聲稱

The veteran’s group claimed that doing so would “debase” the honor.

Point out

As he points out, buyers under duress have no freedom.

Consider…(to be).認(rèn)為。。。如何

Some people favor abortion rights, and others consider abortion to be murder.

Whereas some consider it an form of reverse discrimination against people who deserve admission on their merits.

Be of the opinion that

I am of the opinion that car ownership should be discouraged.

From a personal point of view,..

From a personal point of view, it is essential to reduce non-essential travel.

Sb’s point is that…某人的意思是

Plato’s point is that to grasp the meaning of justice and the nature of the good life, we must rise above from the prejudices and routines of everyday life.

###支持：

Support

Favor sth/doing sth

The captain favors including mental injuries.

Defend sth捍衛(wèi)，支持

Some defend affirmative actions in college admissions as a way of righting past wrongs.

Advocates/defenders/proponents反對(duì)者、支持者

Conviction，堅(jiān)信

My firm conviction is that punishment does not has much of a role to play in this.

###反對(duì)：

Argue against. 反對(duì)

Jeff, a pro-market commentator writing the book Boston Globe, argued against this law.

Reject

反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)/行為

Jim rejected the notion that these “unconscionable” prices reflected a truly free exchange.

A civilized country should reject the torture of terror suspects.

The argument for or against sth. 對(duì)某話題的支持/反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)

We should also consider one further argument for this law.

Oppose sth/sb/doing

A veteran’s group opposed awarding the medal for psychological injuries.

Disagree

Citizens of pluralist societies disagree about such things?

Disagree with

Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.

Opponents 反對(duì)者，是名詞

Not surprisingly, the opponents of this law invoke these two similar arguments for free markets.

It is true that…but…用于承認(rèn)一方后，強(qiáng)調(diào)另一方

###表示優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)

advantages and disadvantages

Its advantages overweight its disadvantages.

pros and cons

strengths and weaknesses

merits and demerits

benefits and problems

Even if high prices call forth a greater supply of goods, this benefit has to be weighed against the burden such prices impose on those least to afford them.

On the plus/positive/negative side

On the downside

sth do more good than harm

A Outweigh B，A超出B，更重要，用以連接上述的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)詞匯

The possible benefits outweigh the risks involved.

###做結(jié)論

Conclude that.

So we can conclude that ….

In brief/in summary/conclusion

To summarize

###根據(jù)

According to/Based on

According to the textbook context, this question divides ancient and modern political thought.

###引出話題

It is said that…據(jù)說

It seems that

The focus of … is on sth.

The focus of this essay is on the causes of and solutions to this problem.

In terms of/ regarding/concerning/ when it comes to sth/as for/for/with regard to/with respect to關(guān)于、至于，talking about/speaking of 比較口語(yǔ)化.